There are three options for citing this source in-text:
1) Last names of author, year of publication, and page number(s) are placed in brackets at the end of the sentence:
(1) ...(Johnson, 2002, p. 109).
2) Or integrated into the sentence with a signal phrase and narrative, with year in brackets after the author or before the page number:
(2) Johnson (2002) observed that most "English speaking people" did not recognize the diversity of First Nations peoples. She described their failure to recognize how "the various tribes and nations...differ as much one from another, as do the white races of Europe" (p. 203).
(3) Johnson observed that most "English speaking people" did not recognize the diversity of First Nations peoples. She described their failure to recognize how "the various tribes and nations...differ as much one from another, as do the white races of Europe" (2002, p. 203).
APA rules for in-text citation change depending on the number/type of author(s). Count the authors and follow the rule below:
Cite the last name of the author in every in-text citation:
> The study demonstrated how "APA style can be challenging for college students" (Bedford, 2010, p. 8).
> Smith (2009) discovered that APA style is a challenging citation format for first-time learners (p. 199).
> According to Smith, APA style is a challenging citation format for first-time learners (2009, p. 199).
Combine both last names, with "&" in brackets or "and" in the signal phrase:
> Research conducted by Bedford and Smith (2008) suggests college students struggle when using APA style. This difficulty can be attributed to the fact that many students did not purchase a style manual or failed to ask their teacher or librarian for help (p. 199).
> Research has suggested that college students struggle when using APA style because they do not acquire the necessary resources or seek additional support on-campus (Chatterjee & Olsen, 2019, para. 2).
List all last names in signal phrase or brackets for the first in-text citation. If you cite the source again, use the first author's last name with "et al."
> Contrary to popular belief, the evidence showed that Leif Eriksson was "the first European to set foot on North American soil, almost 500 years before Columbus" (Wilson, Kravitz, Thomson, & Petty, 2011, pp. 94-98).
> Wilson et al. (2011) concluded that Leif Eriksson was "the first European to set foot on North American soil, almost 500 years before Columbus" (pp. 94-98).
For all in-text citations, use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in brackets:
> In a randomized control trial conducted on diabetic patients, Shaughnessy et al. (2007) found the medication to be effective in 72% of patients (p. 109).
> Multiple studies have demonstrated that traumatic experiences in early childhood can increase the risk of addiction (Okoye et al., 2016, para. 12).
Cite the full name of the group or organization. If it is lengthy, cite full name in the first citation and use an abbreviation for following citations:
> The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) concluded there is no causal link between vaccinations and the increase in clinical diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders. Moreover, the CMA warned that such assumptions may lead to the return of childhood illnesses like the measles (2010, pp. 18-21).
> According to Statistics Canada, "[s]ince the early 1990s, Canada has welcomed an average of almost 250,000 immigrants annually" (2016, para. 2).
First, check if there is a group or organization responsible for the content. If you cannot locate one, cite the entire or a shortened version of the title of the work:
> Google was involved in anti-competitive practices ("Patent Trials," 2010, para. 3).
> It was reported that Calgary's office vacancy rate in the downtown core is almost 25% ("Calgary Downtown Vacancy," 2016, para. 1).
Cite IN-TEXT ONLY, no reference list entry is needed. Cite in-text as a personal communication; include initials and last name of the person(s) and the full date. A reference list entry is only needed if you read or listened to the interview/presentation in a print or electronically published source.
> A registered nurse explained how "elderly patients with dementia may wander off the premises of nursing homes" (J. McGill, personal communication, October 12, 2015).
> Plagiarism is a serious violation of academic honesty policies at Bow Valley College (L. Peters, personal communication, September 12, 2016).
If you want to use a source quoted, paraphrased, or summarized in a source, cite or refer to original source(s) IN-TEXT ONLY and cite the actual source you are using both in-text and in the reference list.
There are
3 options: (1) Place original author(s) and year in the signal phrase or brackets and use the phrase “as cited in.” before the actual source; (2) Include in-text citation(s) to the original source(s) in a quote; or (3) Use a phrase such as “According to a research study” or “The research has demonstrated” to refer to the original source(s):
Example 1:
Smith (the secondary source) refers to the ideas of Johnson (the original source):
> Option 1 - Johnson (2008) argued that the Calgary stampede is rooted in conservative political ideologies (as cited in Smith, 2013, pp. 102-103).
In the References list at the end of your assignment, only cite the source by Smith.
Example 2:
Holden et al. (the secondary source) cite multiple research studies (the original sources):
> Option 2 - An increasing amount of critical analysis and evidence have undermined "the notion that digital natives have a unique aptitude for digital technologies (Hargittai & Feldman, 2010; Jones & Czerniewicz, 2010; Hope, 2011)” (Holden et al., 2012, p. 18).
OR
> Option 3 - Multiple research studies have undermined "the notion that digital natives have a unique aptitude for digital technologies" (Holden et al., 2012, p. 18).
In the References list at the end of your assignment, only cite the source by Holden et al.
Work with ONE author
